What an imposition!
This judgement from the administrative court in Augsburg is an imposition and that′s a good thing. What was the ruling about? A lawyer had apparently been prevented from working in the courtroom during her traineeship with the Munich Oberland Court because, as a Muslim, she wears a hijab. This headscarf supposedly contravenes the requirement of neutrality.
The judges in Augsburg, however, saw this as a breach of the trainee′s religious and educational freedom. Their decision follows the principle of the 2015 judgement by the Federal Constitutional Court which ruled in favour of the wearing of hijabs by teachers. Headscarves may only be banned if the school′s peace is disturbed.
Yes, this ruling is an imposition: anyone coming before the court for whatever reason, or appearing as a witness there, has the right to impartial judges and prosecutors. And he (or she) may view a woman who wears a headscarf for religious reasons as less than neutral – biased, even – especially when a trial covers issues of religion, tradition and morality.
Except that the same goes for committed Christians, Jews, Buddhists or atheists: neutrality cannot mean that the people you come across in courts or schools have no beliefs or convictions. Neutrality means that a judge does not allow her questions and judgements to be guided by her religion and that a teacher does not indoctrinate his students. But that must be proven in individual cases. Otherwise, the concrete right to freedom of belief is placed above the abstract right of others not to be encroached upon by this belief.
Freedom of religion means coping with other points of view
The dispute over religious headscarves in public service has lasted almost 20 years, in all its facets and judgements – and in all its bitterness, too. It is a dispute about the relationship between positive and negative freedom of religion; about the right to practise a religion and the right to remain free from religion.
It is being played out in a society where the majority′s links to the Church are loosening and where, at the same time, a place is being sought by a devout Islam – unsettlingly devout, on its Islamist fringes. And the fervour of the debate over this relationship shows how much the human right to freedom of religion is – and must be – a right to mutual imposition.
Someone who believes and thinks differently is always an imposition, of course: why doesn't he share my own convictions? But freedom of religion means coping with this – and being able to expect others to put up with one′s own (un)belief.[embed:render:embedded:node:24339]
The greatest possible tolerance
Christians, Jews and non-religious people have to live with the fact that Muslim women may choose to wear a headscarf, be it in school or in court. Muslims, in return, have to put up with the fact that there are people who view the hijab as a symbol of unfreedom and not regard all religious criticism as anti-Islamic.
The limits of this mutual right to imposition lie where encroachment begins. And where that is, is a matter for repeated and meticulous negotiation. What if the trainee turned up in a burka tomorrow? Then there would be good grounds for advising her to change careers. Who is allowed to slaughter animals in a halal or kosher way, without stunning them and when? How is the religious circumcision of boys to be regulated? Should parents be allowed to exempt their daughters from swimming lessons?
Thicket of doubts
It is an arduous business fighting your way through the thicket of doubts. But it can be done. People are now forging a pragmatic path beyond the public uproar, between the misapprehension that any limitation on religious practices is a human rights violation and the false assumption that public servants have to be religiously neutral. The Augsburg judgement is one example of this.
It is tempting to imagine that religious freedom could be had without such impositions. But that is an illusion. It lives in the leftover attitudes from the 80s and 90s, when people liked to talk about the common ground between religions and ignore the difficulties. It lives in the idea that the argument would go away if all religions were banned from the public sphere; the Berlin neutrality law forbidding all religious symbols in schools is an example of this. And this idea lives in the agenda of the German political party AfD, which wants to make Islam a religion with lesser rights – as if that were the way to shape a conflict-free, homogeneous society.
The only thing that will help to achieve this is people learning to live with each other. And that is best managed when people know their own culture, too. People who are sure of themselves can ask calmly: so, a trainee lawyer with good grades wants to wear a headscarf – are there no other problems in the world?
Matthias Drobinski
© Sueddeutsche Zeitung 2016/Qantara.de 2016
Translated from the German by Ruth Martin